List - I List - II A. Asiddha I. Irrelevant middle term B. Badhita II. Unproven middle term C. Viruddha III. Contrary middle term D. Savyabhicharra IV. Contradicted middle term
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
Matching Logical Concepts: Asiddha, Badhita, Viruddha & Savyabhicharra
This question asks us to connect terms from List - I with their corresponding descriptions in List - II. These terms relate to specific types of logical fallacies, often discussed in the context of Indian philosophy and reasoning, particularly concerning the validity of the middle term in a syllogism.
Asiddha: Defining the Unproven Middle Term
Asiddha (असिद्ध) literally translates to 'unproven' or 'not established'. In logical arguments, this fallacy occurs when the middle term (the basis for the comparison between the subject and predicate) has not been sufficiently proven or established. If the middle term itself is uncertain or unproven, it cannot reliably support the conclusion.
Therefore, Asiddha correctly matches with II. Unproven middle term.
Badhita: Identifying the Contradicted Middle Term
Badhita (बाधित) means 'obstructed' or 'contradicted'. This logical error happens when the middle term is contradicted by a piece of knowledge that is considered more certain or reliable, such as direct perception or established facts. The middle term fails because it is invalidated by contrary evidence.
Consequently, Badhita corresponds to IV. Contradicted middle term.
Viruddha: Understanding the Contrary Middle Term
Viruddha (विरुद्ध) signifies 'contrary' or 'opposed'. This fallacy arises when the middle term possesses a nature that is contrary to the required relationship (pervasion or vyapti) it is supposed to establish. For example, if the middle term should imply the presence of the major term, but instead implies its absence, it is contrary.
Thus, Viruddha aligns with III. Contrary middle term.
Savyabhicharra: Explaining the Irrelevant Middle Term
Savyabhicharra (सव्याभिचार) is often translated as the 'fallacy of the erroneous middle' or 'fallacy of the undistributed middle'. This occurs when the middle term is too general or does not consistently link the major and minor terms, leading to an irrelevant or invalid conclusion. The middle term fails to provide a definite connection.
Therefore, Savyabhicharra matches with I. Irrelevant middle term.
Final Correct Matching
By matching each term from List - I to its definition in List - II, we get the following pairings:
| List - I | List - II |
| A. Asiddha | II. Unproven middle term |
| B. Badhita | IV. Contradicted middle term |
| C. Viruddha | III. Contrary middle term |
| D. Savyabhicharra | I. Irrelevant middle term |
This detailed breakdown confirms the correct match is A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I.
Important Questions from Hetvabhasas (Fallacies of Inference)
Given below are two statements
Statement I: According to Classical Indian Logicians, all fallacies are material fallacies.
Statement II: According to Classical Indian Logicians, fallacies could be purely formal as well as purely informal.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below
"XYZ Home Finance offers best financial product in the country because like a family member and a good friend XYZ Home Finance fulfills your need to have your own sweet home". Which of the following fallacies is committed in this argument?
"Fire is cold because it is a substance’ represents which of the following Hetvabhasa?
Given below are two statements
Statement I: "To slow a beast, you break its limbs. To slow a nation you break its people."- is an example of analogical argument.
Statement II: "To slow a beast, you break its limbs. To slow a nation you break its people"- is an example of nonargumentative use of analogy.
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below
- "The universe must be spherical in form since all the constituent parts of the universe, stars and planets, etc. are spherical in form." Which fallacy is committed in the above argument?
