List - I (Theories of motivation) List - II (Characteristic) (a) Drive theories (i) Pulling by goal (b) Incentive theories (ii) Information (c) Opponent-process theories (iii) Hedonic (d) Cognitive (social) (iv) Pushing toward goal
This question requires matching four theories of motivation (List-I) with their primary characteristics (List-II).
Matching Motivation Theories and Characteristics
(a) Drive theories
Drive theories suggest that internal states of tension or arousal (drives) motivate behavior aimed at reducing this tension. This is characterized by an internal force that acts to push an organism towards a goal to satisfy a need.
Match: (a) - (iv) Pushing toward goal
(b) Incentive theories
Incentive theories emphasize external stimuli or goals that attract or pull an individual toward certain behaviors. The motivation comes from the desirability of the goal itself.
Match: (b) - (i) Pulling by goal
(c) Opponent-process theories
These theories, often applied to emotion and addiction, propose that an initial stimulus elicits an emotional response, which in turn triggers an opposite, or opponent, process. This cyclic process relates to maintaining a certain balance or hedonic state.
Match: (c) - (iii) Hedonic
(d) Cognitive (social) theories
Cognitive theories of motivation focus on mental processes such as beliefs, expectations, goals, and attributions. Social cognitive theories also incorporate social learning and observational factors. Understanding and processing information is central to these theories.
Match: (d) - (ii) Information
Correct Combination
Based on the matches derived:
- (a) Drive theories - (iv) Pushing toward goal
- (b) Incentive theories - (i) Pulling by goal
- (c) Opponent-process theories - (iii) Hedonic
- (d) Cognitive (social) - (ii) Information
This corresponds to the combination (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii).
Important Questions from Theories of Motivation
Arrange the following examples of human needs in the hierarchy of their increasing importance.
a. Insurance for accidents.
b. Recognition and respect from others.
c. Food and shelter provisions.
d. Accomplishing distinction in chosen area by maximising potential.
e. Developing meaningful relations with others.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
According to humanistic approach to learning, the human needs are arranged in a hierarchial order. What need is placed at the top?
- Maslow divided human needs into __________categories.
D-needs and B-needs come under whose proposition?
According to Maslow, a state in which people reach their fullest potential is called as:
