Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts and the Kalinga War

This question asks to identify which of Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts specifically details the severe human suffering caused by the Kalinga War. It also highlights how this war led Ashoka to feel deep remorse and subsequently champion the concept of conquest through Dhamma (righteousness).

Detailed Explanation of Rock Edict XIII

Rock Edict XIII is the specific edict that comprehensively addresses the devastating aftermath of the Kalinga War. This edict is crucial because it:

• Describes the immense scale of death and destruction during the Kalinga campaign, noting the casualties numbering in the hundreds of thousands and the subsequent suffering of the survivors.
• Articulates Ashoka's profound personal remorse and repentance over the violence inflicted. It famously states his sorrow for the death and suffering caused, even to a fraction of the population.
• Signifies a major shift in Ashoka's perspective, marking his transition from military ambition to a deep commitment to spreading Dhamma. It declares that the only true conquest is the conquest of Dhamma, achieved through righteousness, compassion, and moral persuasion rather than force.
• Mentions the expansion of Dhamma's influence, even reaching into territories ruled by Greek kings, illustrating the new direction of his empire's policy.

The introspection and change of heart described in Rock Edict XIII following the Kalinga War are central to understanding Ashoka's legacy as a ruler who championed peace and ethical governance.

Understanding Ashoka's Edicts: A Comparative Look

To confirm why Rock Edict XIII is the correct answer, let's briefly consider the other options:

• Maski Edict: This edict is significant for being one of the few where Ashoka is explicitly named (Devanampiya Ashoka). Its primary focus is not the Kalinga War but Ashoka's relationship with the Buddhist community.
• Rock Edict XI: This edict elaborates on the principles and importance of Dhamma and the duties followers should undertake. It reflects the *results* of Ashoka's transformation but doesn't detail the Kalinga War's direct cause or his remorse.
• Rock Edict X: This edict emphasizes the lasting glory and significance of Dhamma compared to the transient nature of worldly fame and glory derived from material achievements. It doesn't focus on the Kalinga War's specific consequences.

In conclusion, the content and emphasis within Rock Edict XIII align perfectly with the question's description of the Kalinga War's terrible cost, Ashoka's resulting remorse, and his subsequent adoption of Dhamma as the supreme form of conquest.