In the context of trade policy tools, Which of the following is considered as non-tariff measure? I. Anti-dumping measures II. Technical barriers to trade measures
Both I and II
Trade policy tools are broadly classified into tariff measures and non-tariff measures.
Tariff measures are taxes or customs duties levied on imports, whereas non-tariff measures are all other regulatory or policy barriers that restrict or shape trade without being a direct tax.
Anti-dumping measures are actions taken against goods imported at prices below their fair or normal value; because they act through regulation rather than a standard customs duty, they count as a non-tariff measure that protects domestic industry.
Technical barriers to trade, such as mandatory standards, labelling, testing and certification requirements, also restrict imports through regulation and are classic non-tariff measures.
Since both statement I and statement II describe non-tariff measures, both are correct.
Options limiting the answer to only one statement, or to neither, therefore understate the classification.
Hence, the correct answer is Both I and II.
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