In the circuit below, the opamp is ideal. 
If the circuit is to show sustained oscillations, the respective values of $𝑅_1$ and the corresponding frequency of oscillation are _____.
To determine the conditions for sustained oscillations in the given circuit, we analyze the feedback network and apply the Barkhausen Criterion.
The circuit consists of a non-inverting amplifier and an RC feedback network connected to the non-inverting terminal (\(+\)). The feedback network is a two-stage Lead-Lag network (common in Wien Bridge oscillators), consisting of:
The feedback factor \(\beta(s)\) is the transfer function from the output of the op-amp (\(V_{out}\)) to the non-inverting input (\(V_+\)). Using circuit analysis:
$$\beta(s) = \frac{V_+}{V_{out}} = \frac{1}{sRC + 3 + \frac{1}{sRC}}$$
Substituting \(s = j\omega\):
$$\beta(j\omega) = \frac{1}{3 + j\left(\omega RC - \frac{1}{\omega RC}\right)}$$
For sustained oscillations, the loop gain must satisfy \(A\beta = 1\), where \(A\) is the gain of the non-inverting amplifier. This requires two conditions:
Based on the analysis, for sustained oscillations, the respective values are:
The correct option is \(2R\) and \(1/(2\pi RC)\).
___________ oscillator has the best frequency stability and accuracy.
An astable multivibrator has
The dB gain of cascaded systems is simply
Read the following statements regarding transfer function.
(A) The transfer function is used to describe networks which have only two ports.
(B) The transfer function is used to describe networks which have atleast two ports.
(C) The ratio of transforms of one current to another current is called current transfer function.
(D) The ratio of transforms of one voltage to another current is called transfer admittance function.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Barkhausen criterion for oscillations is