Understanding Samuel Johnson's Classical Imitations

Samuel Johnson, a prominent figure in 18th-century English literature, often drew inspiration from classical authors. Two of his most significant poems, "London" and "The Vanity of Human Wishes," are notable examples of this practice, specifically as imitations of the Roman satirist Juvenal.

Samuel Johnson and Juvenal: A Poetic Connection

Imitation in literature, especially during Johnson's time, was a common practice where writers would adapt classical works to contemporary settings or themes. Samuel Johnson skillfully employed this technique in his poems:

• "London" (1738): This poem is an imitation of Juvenal's Satire III. Johnson transplants Juvenal's critique of Roman urban life and corruption to the bustling, often challenging environment of London.
• "The Vanity of Human Wishes" (1749): This later and perhaps more profound poem is an imitation of Juvenal's Satire X. Both poems explore the futility of common human ambitions and desires, listing various pursuits like wealth, power, beauty, and learning, and showing how they often lead to disappointment or ruin rather than true happiness.

By imitating Juvenal, Samuel Johnson was not merely copying but engaging in a dialogue with a classical master, using the established structure and themes of satire to comment on the moral and social conditions of his own time.

Comparing Johnson's Poems and Juvenal's Satires

While Johnson follows the general structure and philosophical outlook of Juvenal's satires, he adapts the specific examples and references to be relevant to 18th-century England. This makes the themes resonate with his contemporary readers while maintaining a connection to the classical tradition.

Understanding the relationship between Samuel Johnson's poems and Juvenal's satires provides valuable insight into the literary practices of the period and the enduring relevance of classical themes.

Revision Table: Key Concepts on Samuel Johnson and Juvenal

Additional Information: The Influence of Classical Literature

The imitation of classical authors like Homer, Horace, Juvenal, and Tasso was a significant characteristic of Neoclassical literature, which dominated the 18th century. Writers believed that the classics provided perfect models of form and style.

• Horace, another Roman satirist, was often imitated for his more gentle and humorous style of satire, known as Horatian satire. Juvenal's style, which Johnson adopted, is generally more harsh and indignant, known as Juvenalian satire.
• Homer (Greek epic poet) and Tasso (Italian Renaissance poet) were primarily models for epic poetry, not satire, although their influence was immense in other genres.

Samuel Johnson's choice to imitate Juvenal specifically for "London" and "The Vanity of Human Wishes" highlights his preference for Juvenal's moral seriousness and indignant tone when addressing the follies and vices of his society.