If Central Nervous System = Brain + Spinal Cord, then Peripheral Nervous System = ?
Understanding Nervous System Divisions
The nervous system is broadly divided into two main parts:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of all the nerves outside the CNS.
Peripheral Nervous System Components
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is further divided into two primary functional divisions:
- Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements by carrying sensory information to the CNS and motor information from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Regulates involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. It further divides into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Therefore, the Peripheral Nervous System is composed of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems.
Evaluating the Options
- Option 1: Sympathetic + Parasympathetic Systems - These are subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, not the entire PNS.
- Option 2: Forebrain + Hindbrain - These are major parts of the brain, which is part of the CNS.
- Option 3: Somatic + Autonomic Nervous Systems - This correctly represents the two main divisions of the PNS.
- Option 4: Cerebrum + Cerebellum - These are parts of the brain (CNS).
Based on the structure of the nervous system, the Peripheral Nervous System comprises the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System.
Important Questions from Biological Basis of Behaviour Neurons Synapses
Consider the following two statements and choose the correct option.
S1: Patients with Broca's aphasia have trouble producing speech.
S2: Patients with Wernicke's aphasia have trouble understanding what others say.- ________ in both lobes of the brain are responsible for coordination and interpretation of information as well as higher mental processing.
- Match the concerned human nervous system with their associated functions.
P. Sympathetic (i) Carrying messages from Central Nervous
System to muscles and glandsQ. Parasympathetic (ii) Carrying messages from senses to Central
Nervous SystemR. Afferent (iii) Maintaining body functions under normal
conditionsS. Efferent (iv) Fight-or-flight system - Match the neurotransmitters with their functions
P. Acetylcholine (i) Movement and pleasure sensation Q. Dopamine (ii) Sleep, anxiety, and appetite R. Serotonin (iii) Attention and memory S. Norepinephrine (iv) Arousal and mood One, a sign language user with Broca's aphasia has difficulty producing signs. But the same signer has no difficulty in drawing pictures or picking up an object.
Two, a hearing person becomes paralysed in an accident and loses all motor ability, but is able to speak fluently.
What conclusions can we draw from these two cases about how language is represented in the brain?
