Identify water-borne diseases from the following. I. Typhoid II. Hepatitis III. Malaria
Only I and II
Identifying Water-Borne Diseases
Water-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are transmitted through contaminated water. This happens when people consume water that contains infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Let's look at the diseases listed:
Analysis of Given Diseases and Transmission
- Typhoid: Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. This bacterium is typically spread through contaminated food or water. When water supplies become contaminated with fecal matter from an infected person, the bacteria can spread, causing typhoid. Therefore, Typhoid is considered a water-borne disease.
- Hepatitis: Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver. Several viruses can cause hepatitis (Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E). Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E viruses are commonly transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated water or food. Hepatitis B, C, and D are typically transmitted through blood or other body fluids. When discussing water-borne transmission, Hepatitis A and E are the relevant types. Since 'Hepatitis' is listed generally, and water-borne forms exist, it is considered in this context as a water-borne disease.
- Malaria: Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites (Plasmodium) that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Mosquitoes breed in water, but the disease itself is transmitted by the mosquito vector, not directly by drinking or coming into contact with contaminated water (other than as a breeding ground for the vector). Therefore, Malaria is classified as a vector-borne disease, not a water-borne disease in the sense of ingestion or contact with contaminated water being the primary mode of transmission to humans.
Summary of Transmission Routes
| Disease | Primary Transmission Route | Water-borne? |
|---|---|---|
| Typhoid | Contaminated food and water (fecal-oral) | Yes |
| Hepatitis (A and E) | Contaminated food and water (fecal-oral) | Yes |
| Malaria | Mosquito bite (vector-borne) | No (Water is breeding ground for vector) |
Conclusion on Water-Borne Diseases
Based on the analysis, Typhoid (I) and Hepatitis (II) are transmitted through contaminated water, classifying them as water-borne diseases. Malaria (III) is transmitted by mosquitoes and is a vector-borne disease.
Therefore, the water-borne diseases from the list are I (Typhoid) and II (Hepatitis).
Revision Table: Understanding Water-Borne Diseases
| Disease | Pathogen Type | How it Spreads via Water |
|---|---|---|
| Typhoid Fever | Bacteria | Drinking water or eating food contaminated with Salmonella Typhi bacteria, usually from feces. |
| Hepatitis A/E | Virus | Consuming water or food contaminated with the Hepatitis A or E virus, often from feces. |
| Cholera | Bacteria | Drinking water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae bacteria. (Not in list, but common example) |
Additional Information on Disease Transmission
Understanding how diseases spread helps in preventing them. Besides water-borne diseases, other common transmission routes include:
- Airborne Transmission: Spread through droplets or dust particles in the air (e.g., Tuberculosis, Measles).
- Vector-borne Transmission: Spread by vectors like mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas (e.g., Malaria, Dengue, Lyme Disease).
- Food-borne Transmission: Spread by consuming contaminated food (e.g., food poisoning by E. coli, Salmonella).
- Contact Transmission: Spread through direct contact with an infected person or indirect contact with contaminated surfaces (e.g., Common Cold, Ringworm).
Preventing water contamination and ensuring access to clean, safe drinking water are crucial steps in controlling water-borne diseases like Typhoid and Hepatitis A/E.
Important Questions from Water Treatment
- Choose the correct statements about coagulation process.
A. Coagulation makes smaller colloids to adhere to each other to form large floc particles
B. Colloids are continually involved in Brownian moment.
C. Colloids are stable because of their surface charge.
D. Coagulants are preferably trivalent cations.
E. Coagulants are soluble in neutral pH.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: - Hardness of water is due to the presence of
- Which of the following is used as a coagulant for removal of phosphates in water ?
- Given the following parameters of a primary settling chamber :
Diameter = 50m, Depth = 2.5m, average detention time = 2 hours.
How much quantity of waste water is being treated ? - Calculate hardness in units of mg/l as CaCO$_3$ of a ground water sample having Ca$^{++}$ ion concentration of 100 mg/l.
