Identifying Valid Tort Law Defences

A defence in tort law seeks to excuse or justify the defendant's actions, negating liability even if the elements of a tort are present. We examine the provided options:

Analysis of Defences

• (a) Act of God: This is a valid defence where an event occurs due to natural causes beyond human control, without any human intervention (e.g., an unprecedented storm causing damage).
• (b) Volenti non fit injuria: This defence, meaning "to a willing person, injury is not done," is valid. It applies when the claimant knowingly and voluntarily accepts the risk of harm.
• (c) Private Defence: This is a valid defence, allowing the use of reasonable force to protect oneself, others, or property against an imminent threat.
• (d) Trustee do son tort: This is not a recognized defence in tort law. A trustee's actions fall under trust law duties, and while breaches can lead to liability, this phrase doesn't constitute a defence against a tort claim.

Conclusion on Defences

The valid defences among the options provided are Act of God, volenti non fit injuria, and private defence.

Therefore, the correct option includes (a), (b), and (c) only.