Distinguish between a Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) and a thermal nuclear reactor. In the context of first indigenously developed prototype FBR at Kalpakkam, explain the term 'criticality'. What are its implications for clean energy future of our country?
Distinction:
Feature | Thermal Reactor | Fast Breeder Reactor |
| Neutrons | Slow (moderated) | Fast (unmoderated) |
| Fuel | Enriched Uranium-235 | Plutonium-239 + U-238 blanket |
| Moderator | Water/graphite | None |
| Coolant | Water | Liquid sodium |
| Output | Consumes fuel | Produces more fissile material than consumed |
Criticality:
Criticality is the state where a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is achieved — each fission triggers exactly one further fission (k=1). At Kalpakkam's Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR, 500 MWe), attaining first criticality marks the reactor's operational readiness, validating indigenous design of sodium-cooled fast reactor technology.
Implications for clean energy:
- Unlocks India's vast thorium reserves (world's largest) via the three-stage nuclear programme — Stage III uses Th-232 → U-233.
- 60–70 times more energy extraction from natural uranium than thermal reactors.
- Low-carbon baseload power complementing renewables.
- Reduces fossil-fuel imports, advances Net Zero by 2070 commitment.
- Establishes India's technological sovereignty in advanced nuclear energy.
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