Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. Mention India's commitments and initiatives to achieve the goals and targets of this framework giving suitable examples.
Adopted at CBD COP-15 (2022), the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) aims to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030 and achieve harmony with nature by 2050.
Key Goals & Targets (23 targets):
- 30x30 target: conserve 30% of terrestrial, inland-water and marine areas by 2030.
- Restore 30% of degraded ecosystems.
- Halve food waste and reduce harmful subsidies by USD 500 billion annually.
- Mobilise USD 200 billion/year for biodiversity, including USD 30 billion for developing countries.
- Reduce invasive species introduction by 50%.
India's Commitments and Initiatives:
- Updated National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2024 aligned with KMGBF.
- Protected Areas cover ~5.3% of geographical area; expanding through Eco-Sensitive Zones.
- Mission LiFE — sustainable lifestyles as behavioural commitment.
- Green Credit Programme incentivising afforestation.
- International Big Cats Alliance for wildlife conservation.
- Namami Gange and wetland conservation (Ramsar sites now 85+).
- Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023 streamlining access and benefit-sharing.
India balances conservation with developmental equity.
Answered By:
Important Questions from GS3
Examine the pattern and trend of public expenditure on social services in the post-reforms period in India. To what extent this has been in consonance with achieving the objective of inclusive growth?
What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.
What were the factors responsible for the successful implementation of land reforms in some parts of the country? Elaborate.
Explain the role of millets for ensuring health and nutritional security in India.
What is the present world scenario of intellectual property rights with respect to life materials? Although, India is second in the world to file patents, still only a few have been commercialized. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialization.
