Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. Mention India's commitments and initiatives to achieve the goals and targets of this framework giving suitable examples.
Adopted at CBD COP-15 (2022), the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) aims to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030 and achieve harmony with nature by 2050.
Key Goals & Targets (23 targets):
- 30x30 target: conserve 30% of terrestrial, inland-water and marine areas by 2030.
- Restore 30% of degraded ecosystems.
- Halve food waste and reduce harmful subsidies by USD 500 billion annually.
- Mobilise USD 200 billion/year for biodiversity, including USD 30 billion for developing countries.
- Reduce invasive species introduction by 50%.
India's Commitments and Initiatives:
- Updated National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2024 aligned with KMGBF.
- Protected Areas cover ~5.3% of geographical area; expanding through Eco-Sensitive Zones.
- Mission LiFE — sustainable lifestyles as behavioural commitment.
- Green Credit Programme incentivising afforestation.
- International Big Cats Alliance for wildlife conservation.
- Namami Gange and wetland conservation (Ramsar sites now 85+).
- Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023 streamlining access and benefit-sharing.
India balances conservation with developmental equity.
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