I. In a seismograph, P waves are recorded earlier than S waves.
II. In P waves, the individual particles vibrate to and fro in the direction of wave propagation whereas in S waves, the particles vibrate up and down at right angles to the direction of wave propagation.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Seismograph and Seismic Wave Analysis
This section analyzes the two statements regarding seismic waves and their recording on a seismograph.
P Wave Arrival Timing on Seismograph
Statement I claims that P waves are recorded earlier than S waves in a seismograph. This is accurate because P waves (Primary waves) are compressional waves that travel faster through the Earth's interior than S waves (Secondary waves), which are shear waves.
Consequently, the first seismic waves to arrive at a seismograph are the P waves. Thus, Statement I is correct.
Particle Motion in P and S Waves
Statement II describes the particle motion associated with P and S waves. This statement is also correct:
- P waves are longitudinal waves. The particles in the medium oscillate back and forth in the direction of wave propagation.
- S waves are transverse waves. The particles in the medium oscillate vertically (up and down), perpendicular (at right angles) to the direction of wave propagation.
This distinction in particle movement is a fundamental characteristic of these seismic wave types.
Combined Assessment of Seismic Statements
Both Statement I, concerning the earlier arrival of P waves, and Statement II, describing the distinct particle motions of P and S waves, are factually correct based on seismological principles.
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