Sociology Analogy Explained

The question presents an analogy based on sociological concepts, specifically Talcott Parsons' pattern variables, which describe choices or dilemmas faced in social action.

Understanding the Pattern Variables

The analogy relates two pairs of opposing concepts:

• Universalism vs. Particularism: This pair contrasts treating people according to general, impersonal standards (universalism) versus treating them based on personal relationships and circumstances (particularism).
• Diffuseness vs. Specificity: This pair contrasts relationships that are broad, undefined, and encompassing (diffuseness), such as family ties, with relationships that are narrowly defined and limited to a specific function (specificity), like a contractual agreement.

Completing the Analogy

The structure is: Concept A is to its opposite B, as Concept C is to its opposite D.

• Universalism (A) is to Particularism (B)
• Diffuseness (C) is to __________ (D)

In the context of pattern variables, 'diffuseness' represents relationships that are broad and encompassing. The opposite concept, representing relationships that are narrow and functionally specific, is 'specificity'.

Therefore, diffuseness is to specificity.

Conclusion

Completing the sentence: Universalism is to particularism as diffuseness is to specificity.