A. Synthesizes antibodies which comprises immunoglobulins
B. Immune system identifies foreign substances in the body
C. Immunoglobulins specifically designed to bind the antigens
D. Destroy the antigens
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Understanding the Immune System Response Sequence
The immune system is our body's defense mechanism against harmful invaders like bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, often called antigens. When the immune system encounters such a substance, it follows a specific sequence of actions to protect the body. Let's break down the correct sequence step-by-step:
Step 1: Identification of Foreign Substances (B)
- Immune system identifies foreign substances in the body: This is the crucial first step. Specialized cells within the immune system act like sentinels, constantly monitoring the body for anything that doesn't belong. When a foreign substance (antigen) is detected, the immune system recognizes it as a threat.
Step 2: Antibody Synthesis (A)
- Synthesizes antibodies which comprises immunoglobulins: Once the foreign substance is identified, the immune system, particularly certain white blood cells like B-cells, begins producing specific defensive proteins. These proteins are called antibodies, and they are a type of protein known as immunoglobulins. Each antibody is designed to target a specific type of antigen.
Step 3: Specific Binding to Antigens (C)
- Immunoglobulins specifically designed to bind the antigens: The antibodies created in the previous step are highly specific. They have unique shapes that allow them to lock onto the particular antigen that triggered their production, much like a key fitting into a specific lock. This precise binding is essential for neutralizing the threat.
Step 4: Destruction of Antigens (D)
- Destroy the antigens: After the antibodies bind to the antigens, they can neutralize the threat in several ways. They might block the antigen from harming cells, mark the antigen for destruction by other immune cells (like macrophages), or activate other parts of the immune system to eliminate the invader. This final step effectively removes the foreign substance from the body.
Correct Sequence Summary
Therefore, the logical and correct sequence of the immune system's response is:
- B: Identification of the foreign substance (antigen).
- A: Synthesis of antibodies (immunoglobulins).
- C: Specific binding of antibodies to the antigen.
- D: Destruction of the antigen.
This sequence corresponds to B, A, C, D.
Important Questions from Immune System
Bacterial infections are generally divided into two broad classes: intracellular and extracellular bacterial infections. Given below are some of the properties which are applicable for bacterial infections.
A. Humoral immune response is the main protective response against extracellular bacteria.
B. Innate immunity is not effective against intracellular bacterial pathogens.
C. Bacterial endotoxins do not induce an innate immune response.
D. Intracellular bacterial infections generally induce a cell-mediated immune response resulting in secretion of cytokines which activate macrophages.
Which one of the following combination of statements is correct?
The immunoglobulin heavy-chain that is rearranged first and is displayed on the surface of early stages of B-cell development is associated with:
Dr. Ralph M. Steinman was awarded Nobel Prize for his discovery on:
Which one of the following systems forms a chemical mediator that is involved in the mechanism of pain during inflammation?
Suresh was bitten by a poisonous snake and was immediately treated with anti-venom human immunoglobulin and was saved. A year later he was bitten by the same type of snake second time. Predict his response to the venom from second bite from the following:
