Coastal Landforms: Caves, Arches, Stacks, Stumps
These distinctive landscape features are formed by the erosional power of wave action along coastlines.
- Caves are carved by waves undercutting cliffs.
- Arches form when caves erode through headlands or merge.
- Stacks are isolated columns left after an arch collapses.
- Stumps are the eroded remnants of stacks.
Other agents like rivers (forming valleys), wind (forming dunes), or rock type (limestone) do not produce this specific set of coastal features.