Ordering Intelligence Theories Chronologically

This question asks us to arrange four influential theories of intelligence based on when they were developed. Understanding the historical development of these intelligence theories is key to grasping their evolution.

Understanding the Theories and Their Timelines

Let's look at each theory and its approximate time of introduction:

• Spearman's two-factor theory: Proposed by Charles Spearman, this theory suggested intelligence has a general factor ($g$) and specific factors ($s$). It was first introduced in the early 1900s (around 1904) and further developed later. This corresponds to option (c).
• Thurstone's multi-factor theory: Louis L. Thurstone proposed that intelligence is composed of several distinct primary mental abilities, not just a single general factor. This theory was presented in 1938. This corresponds to option (d).
• Guilford's theory of intellect: J.P. Guilford's Structure of Intellect model proposed a complex three-dimensional structure for classifying intelligence, involving operations, contents, and products. This model began developing in the 1950s and was more fully detailed in 1967. This corresponds to option (b).
• Gardner's multiple intelligence theory: Howard Gardner introduced his theory suggesting multiple distinct intelligences (like musical, spatial, interpersonal) rather than a single general intelligence. This theory was published in 1983. This corresponds to option (a).

Determining the Chronological Order

Based on the development dates, the correct chronological order of these intelligence theories is:

1. Spearman's two-factor theory (c) - early 1900s
2. Thurstone's multi-factor theory (d) - 1938
3. Guilford's theory of intellect (b) - 1950s/1967
4. Gardner's multiple intelligence theory (a) - 1983

Therefore, the sequence is (c), (d), (b), (a).

Final Answer Verification

Comparing this order with the given options, the correct sequence is presented in option 1.