Let's arrange the given financial institutions in India based on the year they were established. To do this, we first need to identify the establishment year for each institution listed in the question.

Understanding Financial Institutions and Establishment Years

Financial institutions play a crucial role in the economy. Knowing their founding dates helps us understand the historical development of India's financial sector and the evolution of specialized bodies catering to different needs like housing, exports, rural development, and public investment.

Here are the institutions and their respective establishment years:

• Unit Trust of India (UTI): Established in 1964.
• Export - Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank): Established in 1982 (on January 1, 1982).
• NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development): Established in 1982 (on July 12, 1982).
• National Housing Bank (NHB): Established in 1988.

Now, let's list these years in ascending order:

1964, 1982, 1982, 1988

Arranging by Establishment Year

Based on the establishment years, we can arrange the financial institutions in ascending order:

1. Unit Trust of India (UTI) - 1964
2. Export - Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank) - 1982
3. NABARD - 1982
4. National Housing Bank (NHB) - 1988

Both EXIM Bank and NABARD were established in 1982. The question asks for arrangement by year. When institutions are established in the same year, their relative order can sometimes vary depending on the specific date, but for arranging by year alone, either order for those within the same year is generally acceptable unless a more specific ordering criterion is provided. The options provided show a specific order for the institutions established in 1982.

Let's map the institutions to the options provided:

• a) National Housing Bank (NHB) - 1988
• b) Export - Import bank of India (EXIM Bank) - 1982
• c) NABARD - 1982
• d) Unit Trust of India (UTI) - 1964

The ascending order by year is 1964, 1982, 1982, 1988. This corresponds to the institutions in the order: UTI, EXIM Bank/NABARD, NHB. Following the specific order given in the options for the 1982 institutions (EXIM Bank then NABARD), the sequence is:

UTI (1964) → EXIM Bank (1982) → NABARD (1982) → NHB (1988)

Converting this back to the labels (a, b, c, d):

d) → b) → c) → a)

Analyzing the Options

Let's check which option matches this order:

• Option 1: b) → d) → c) → a) (EXIM → UTI → NABARD → NHB) - Incorrect (1982 → 1964 → 1982 → 1988)
• Option 2: d) → b) → a) → c) (UTI → EXIM → NHB → NABARD) - Incorrect (1964 → 1982 → 1988 → 1982)
• Option 3: d) → b) → c) → a) (UTI → EXIM → NABARD → NHB) - Correct (1964 → 1982 → 1982 → 1988)
• Option 4: d) → c) → b) → a) (UTI → NABARD → EXIM → NHB) - Incorrect (1964 → 1982 → 1982 → 1988). While chronologically correct by year, this specific order of EXIM/NABARD is not option 3. Option 3 lists EXIM before NABARD.

Therefore, the correct arrangement in ascending order of establishment year, following the specific sequence of institutions provided in the options, is UTI, EXIM Bank, NABARD, and National Housing Bank.

Revision Table: Financial Institutions in India

Additional Information: Key Financial Institutions

Understanding the roles of these financial institutions provides context for their establishment. They were created at different times to address specific needs within the Indian economy:

• UTI: Launched as a statutory corporation to mobilize savings from the public and invest in the capital market, thus encouraging retail participation in the market.
• EXIM Bank: Set up to provide financial assistance to exporters and importers, consolidating India's efforts in international trade financing.
• NABARD: Established to integrate and strengthen the institutional rural credit system, focusing on agriculture and rural development activities.
• NHB: Created as an apex body to promote housing finance institutions and to provide financial and other support to such institutions.

Each institution serves a specialized function, reflecting the evolving priorities of India's economic development policy over time.