According to Piaget and Vygotsky learning takes place through
active engagement of learners
Both Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are constructivists. Piaget held that children build knowledge by acting on their environment through assimilation, accommodation and equilibration; the child is an active 'little scientist'. Vygotsky held that learning is constructed through social interaction and guided participation within the zone of proximal development, with the learner actively engaged alongside a more knowledgeable other.
Despite their different emphases (individual versus social), both agree that the learner is not a passive receiver: knowledge is constructed through the learner's own active engagement.
Imitation and conditioning with reinforcement are behaviourist explanations of learning (Bandura's modelling, Pavlov, Thorndike, Skinner), not constructivist ones. Passive learning directly contradicts the constructivist view of both thinkers.
active engagement of learners option is correct.
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