According to Jean Piaget, children learn meaningfully:
through self-initiated activity and discovery
Jean Piaget's cognitive-constructivist theory holds that children are active builders of their own knowledge. Through assimilation and accommodation they adjust their mental schemas when they act on objects, explore, experiment and discover relationships for themselves, so meaningful learning grows out of the child's own activity.
For this reason Piaget stressed discovery learning, hands-on manipulation of materials and self-directed exploration, with the teacher acting as a facilitator who arranges rich experiences rather than a transmitter of ready-made facts.
Conditioning of stimulus and response is the behaviourist view of Pavlov, Thorndike and Skinner, not Piaget's. Learning driven by rewards and punishment is again a behaviourist idea of reinforcement. Adults taking control and supplying explanations makes the child a passive receiver, which Piaget explicitly rejected.
through self-initiated activity and discovery option is correct.
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