According to Goffman when passers by glance at one another quickly and then look away again, it is called
Understanding Civil Inattention in Social Interaction
The question asks about a specific term used by sociologist Erving Goffman to describe a common interaction between strangers in public spaces. This interaction involves glancing at someone and then quickly looking away. Let's examine the options based on Goffman's work on social interaction.
Analyzing the Concepts
Erving Goffman was a key figure in symbolic interactionism, focusing on face-to-face interactions and how individuals present themselves and manage impressions in everyday life. He described many micro-level social behaviors.
- Disengagement: This term generally refers to the process of withdrawing from social roles, relationships, or activities. While looking away is a form of disengagement from potential interaction, it's not the specific term Goffman used for the initial glance-and-look-away sequence.
- Interaction: This is a very broad term simply meaning mutual influence or communication between two or more people. The behavior described is a type of interaction, but the question asks for Goffman's specific label for *this particular kind* of minimal interaction.
- Symbolic interaction: This is a major theoretical perspective in sociology that views society as the product of everyday social interactions where people interpret and give meaning to symbols (like language, gestures, etc.) to construct their social reality. While the behavior described can be analyzed through a symbolic interactionist lens, "symbolic interaction" itself is not the name of the specific behavior.
- Civil inattention: According to Erving Goffman, civil inattention is the process whereby individuals in the same physical proximity demonstrate that they are aware of one another's presence but are not a threat and do not intend to initiate any further interaction. This is typically performed through a brief eye glance to acknowledge the other person, followed immediately by looking away. This act signifies that you have seen them and recognize their right to be there, but you are deliberately avoiding engagement or staring, respecting their privacy and space while maintaining social order.
Goffman's Civil Inattention Explained
Goffman observed that in public spaces, like sidewalks or crowded rooms, people who are not known to each other need ways to manage their co-presence. They can't ignore everyone completely (that would be considered rude or suspicious), but they also can't engage in conversation with everyone (that would be impractical and invasive). Civil inattention provides a solution.
It's a delicate balance:
- You acknowledge the other person's existence through a brief glance.
- You signal that you are not a threat and do not require interaction by immediately looking away.
- This maintains a sense of social order and mutual respect without requiring further engagement.
This fits the description in the question precisely: "passers by glance at one another quickly and then look away again".
Conclusion
Based on Erving Goffman's studies of everyday social behavior, the quick glance and subsequent looking away between strangers in public is known as civil inattention. It is a fundamental aspect of managing interactions in public spaces.
Revision Table: Key Goffman Concepts
| Concept | Brief Description | Relevance to the Question |
|---|---|---|
| Civil Inattention | Brief glance & look away to acknowledge presence without inviting interaction. | Directly matches the question's description. |
| Disengagement | Withdrawal from social roles or interaction. | Too general, not the specific act of glancing. |
| Interaction | Mutual influence or communication. | Too broad, the question asks for a specific type. |
| Symbolic Interaction | Sociological perspective on meaning-making in interaction. | A theoretical framework, not the name of the behavior. |
Additional Information on Goffman and Interaction Order
Erving Goffman's work was foundational to micro-sociology, the study of everyday face-to-face interactions. He viewed social life as a series of performances, using dramaturgical analysis (comparing social interaction to theater). Concepts like "civil inattention" are part of what he called the "interaction order," which refers to the unwritten rules and practices that govern how people behave when they are in each other's immediate presence. Understanding these micro-level interactions helps sociologists understand how social order is maintained in daily life.
Other related concepts from Goffman include:
- Presentation of Self: How individuals attempt to control the impressions others form of them.
- Face-work: Actions taken to maintain or save face (one's social standing or image) during interactions.
- Team Performance: How groups of individuals collaborate to maintain a particular definition of the situation.
Civil inattention is a simple yet crucial example of how people navigate the social world by following unspoken rules to avoid conflict and maintain personal space while acknowledging the presence of others.
Important Questions from Miscellaneous
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