A̅lara, the great teacher of the Buddha belonged to which tribe?
Ka̅lamas of Kesaputta
Understanding Buddha's Teachers and Their Backgrounds
The question asks about the tribal origin of Āḷāra Kālāma, a significant figure in the early life of Siddhartha Gautama, who later became the Buddha. Siddhartha sought knowledge from various teachers before attaining enlightenment. Āḷāra Kālāma was one such teacher.
Who was Āḷāra Kālāma?
Āḷāra Kālāma was an ascetic teacher known for his expertise in meditation and philosophy. Siddhartha Gautama studied under him, learning his doctrine and meditative practices. Āḷāra Kālāma taught a form of meditation that could lead to the attainment of the 'sphere of nothingness' (Ākiñcaññāyatana), a high level of samadhi (concentration).
After mastering Āḷāra Kālāma's teachings and reaching the same meditative state, Siddhartha felt it did not lead to the ultimate goal of ending suffering (Nirvana). Therefore, he moved on to seek other teachers and paths.
Identifying the Tribe of Āḷāra Kālāma
Historical texts and Buddhist scriptures identify Āḷāra Kālāma with a specific tribe and location. He is associated with the community of the Kālāmas and taught in the region of Kesaputta.
- The Kālāmas were a republican tribe or clan.
- Their main town was Kesaputta.
- Āḷāra Kālāma was a prominent teacher among them.
Analyzing the Options
Let's look at the provided options:
- Bhagga of Sumsumaragiri: The Bhagga kingdom is mentioned in relation to the Buddha's travels and teachings, but Sumsumaragiri is known as the place where the monk Nakulapitar and Nakulamata lived, and not directly associated with Āḷāra Kālāma as a teacher.
- Kālāmas of Kesaputta: This option directly matches the historical information about Āḷāra Kālāma's origin and teaching location. The Kālāmas were indeed a tribe or clan, and Kesaputta was their center.
- Mallas of Pava: The Mallas were another republican tribe. Pava is a town associated with the Buddha, notably as the place where he had his last meal offered by Cunda the smith.
- Mallas of Kusinara: Kusinara (or Kushinagar) was another important town of the Mallas. It is significant as the place where the Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana (passed away).
Based on historical accounts, Āḷāra Kālāma belonged to the Kālāmas of Kesaputta.
| Teacher/Tribe | Location/Context | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Āḷāra Kālāma | Kālāmas tribe, Kesaputta | ||
| Uddaka Ramaputta | Another teacher of Siddhartha | ||
| Bhagga | Kingdom visited by Buddha (Sumsumaragiri) | Mallas | Republican tribe (Pava, Kusinara) |
Conclusion
The evidence from Buddhist texts clearly links Āḷāra Kālāma, the great teacher of the Buddha, to the Kālāmas tribe centered at Kesaputta.
Revision Table: Buddha's Teachers
| Teacher | Key Teaching/Meditation | Tribe/Association |
|---|---|---|
| Āḷāra Kālāma | Sphere of Nothingness (Ākiñcaññāyatana) | Kālāmas of Kesaputta |
| Uddaka Ramaputta | Sphere of Neither Perception Nor Non-Perception (Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana) | Son of Rama (details of tribe/location less emphasized than Kālāmas) |
These were the two principal human teachers Siddhartha Gautama studied under before his enlightenment.
Additional Information: The Kālāmas and Kesaputta
The Kālāmas were known for their independent spirit and open-mindedness. This is famously highlighted in the Kālāma Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya 3.65), where the Buddha advises the people of Kesaputta not to accept teachings based solely on tradition, lineage, rumor, scripture, logic, inference, appearance, agreement with theories, or the teacher's credibility, but only what they know for themselves to be good, wholesome, and beneficial.
Kesaputta was a town located in the Koshala Kingdom, which was a major power during the Buddha's time.
Important Questions from Miscellaneous
A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a 20 m high building with a speed of 12 m/s. It hits the ground at a distance R from the building. Taking g = 10 m/s2 and neglecting air resistance will give :
A sphere of volume V is made of a material with lower density than water. While on Earth, it floats on water with its volume f1V (f1 < 1) submerged. On the other hand, on a spaceship accelerating with acceleration a < g (g is the acceleration due to gravity on Earth) in outer space, its submerged volume in water is f2V. Then:
A railway wagon (open at the top) of mass M1 is moving with speed v1 along a straight track. As a result of rain, after some time it gets partially filled with water so that the mass of the wagon becomes M2 and speed becomes v2. Taking the rain to be falling vertically and the water stationery inside the wagon, the relation between the two speeds v1 and v2 is :
Consider the following statements:
1. Distance between the longitudes becomes zero on North Pole and South Pole.
2. Distance between the longitudes is maximum on the Equator.
3. Number of longitudes is more than number of latitudes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
One block of 2⋅0 kg mass is placed on top of another block of 3⋅0 kg mass. The coefficient of static friction between the two blocks is 0⋅2. The bottom block is pulled with a horizontal force F such that both the blocks move together without slipping. Taking acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s2, the maximum value of the frictional force is :
